Radiowa i optyczna komunikacja Bezzałogowych Statków Powietrznych – przegląd rozwiązań

pol Artykuł w języku polskim DOI: 10.14313/PAR_259/89

wyślij Krzysztof Szajewski *, Anna Szajewska **, Damian Celejewski *** * Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna, Wydział Cybernetyki, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00 -908 Warszawa 46 ** Akademia Pożarnicza, Wydział Inżynierii Bezpieczeństwa i Ochrony Ludności, ul. Słowackiego 52/54, 01-629 Warszawa *** Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych, ul. Księcia Bolesława 6, 01-494 Warszawa

Pobierz Artykuł

Streszczenie

W artykule przedstawiono przegląd współczesnych metod komunikacji stosowanych w bezzałogowych statkach powietrznych (BSP) w kontekście zastosowań militarnych. Omówiono klasyczne techniki radiowe, systemy o widmie rozproszonym oraz inne metody transmisji radiowej, które zapewniają dobrą komunikację, lecz jednocześnie są narażone na wykrycie i zakłócenia w środowisku walki radioelektronicznej. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono rozwijającym się technologiom komunikacji optycznej w podczerwieni, w tym systemom światłowodowym Tethered Fiber Optics (TFO), Spooled Fiber Optics (SFO) oraz transmisji w otwartej przestrzeni Free-Space Optics (FSO), które oferują wysoką przepustowość, niskie opóźnienia oraz odporność na zakłócenia elektromagnetyczne, choć wymagają precyzyjnego ukierunkowania i są podatne na warunki atmosferyczne. W odpowiedzi na rosnące wyzwania środowiska walki radioelektronicznej autorzy proponują nowatorską koncepcję bezemisyjnej komunikacji optycznej FSO, w której BSP nie emituje własnego sygnału, lecz odbija i moduluje wiązkę światła wysyłaną z naziemnej stacji kontrolnej przy pomocy elektro-optycznego modulatora opartego na zwierciadle piezoelektrycznym. Rozwiązanie to umożliwia dwukierunkową transmisję danych o wysokim poziomie bezpieczeństwa i odporności na zakłócenia, stanowiąc obiecującą alternatywę dla tradycyjnych metod komunikacji BSP, zwłaszcza w misjach specjalnych i rozpoznawczych wymagających niewykrywalności i niezawodności.

Słowa kluczowe

BSP, FSO, komunikacja optyczna, walka radioelektroniczna

Radio and Optical Communication of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: A Review of Solutions

Abstract

This article presents a comprehensive review of contemporary communication methods employed in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in the context of military applications. It discusses classical radio techniques, spread spectrum systems, and other forms of radio transmission that, while ensuring reliable communication, remain susceptible to detection and interference in electronic warfare environments. Particular attention is given to the emerging optical communication technologies in the infrared domain, including Tethered Fiber Optics (TFO), Spooled Fiber Optics (SFO) and Free-Space Optics (FSO), which offer high throughput, low latency, and strong resistance to electromagnetic interference, although they require precise alignment and are sensitive to atmospheric conditions. In response to the increasing challenges posed by the electronic warfare landscape, the authors propose an innovative concept of emission-free FSO communication, in which the UAV does not emit its own signal but instead reflects and modulates a light beam transmitted from a ground control station using an electro-optical modulator based on a piezoelectric mirror. This solution enables secure, bidirectional data transmission with high resistance to interference, representing a promising alternative to traditional UAV communication methods, especially in special operations and reconnaissance missions requiring stealth and reliability.

Keywords

electronic warfare, FSO communication, optical communication, UAV

Bibliografia

  1. Zidane Y., Silva J.S., Tavares G., Jamming and spoofing techniques for drone neutralization: An experimental study, “Drones”, Vol. 8, No. 12, 2024, DOI: 10.3390/drones8120743.
  2. Chow C.-W., Recent advances and future perspectives in optical wireless communication, free space optical communication and sensing for 6G, “Journal of Lightwave Technology”, Vol. 42, No. 11, 2024, 3972–3980, DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2024.3386630.
  3. Sabour M.H., Jafary P., Nematiyan S., Applications and classifications of unmanned aerial vehicles: A literature review with focus on multi-rotors, “The Aeronautical Journal”, Vol. 127, No. 1309, 2023, 466–490, DOI: 10.1017/aer.2022.75.
  4. Rappaport T.S., Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2nd edition, 2002.
  5. Kawabe S., Okada H., Naila Ch.B., Katayama M., An Experimental Evaluation of Air-to-Air MIMO Transmission in Wireless LAN Relay Systems Using Drones, International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN), 2024, 560–564, DOI: 10.1109/ICOIN59985.2024.10572145.
  6. Diao J., Debnath B., Mst M. Begum, Molen B.E., Subedi R., Experimental Demonstration of Flying UAV Swarm-Based Reconfigurable Yagi–Uda Antennas, “IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation”, Vol. 73, No. 5, 2025, 2971–2978, DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3521232.
  7. Tesla N., Method of signaling, US Patent 723 188, 1903.
  8. Du F., Micro frequency hopping spread spectrum modulation and encryption technology, 10th International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC), 2024, 416–421, DOI: 10.1109/ICCC62609.2024.10941857.
  9. Flikkema P.G., Spread-spectrum techniques for wireless communication, “IEEE Signal Processing Magazine”, Vol. 14, No. 3, 1997, 26–36, DOI: 10.1109/79.587050.
  10. Chen W., Ding H., Wang S., Luo J., Gong F., Jammer-Aided Covert Collaborative UAV Communications Against Directional Beam, “IEEE Transactions on Communications”, Vol. 73, No. 11, 2025, 12413–12429, DOI: 10.1109/TCOMM.2025.3576905.
  11. Gu J., Wang B., Liu Y., Self-tracking technology of Frequency hopping signal based on digital phased array, IEEE 6th Information Technology and Mechatronics Engineering Conference (ITOEC), Vol. 6, 2022, 489–495, DOI: 10.1109/ITOEC53115.2022.9734495.
  12. Liu Y., Han Y., A high speed frequency hopping capture synchronization method, International Communication Engineering and Cloud Computing Conference (CECCC), 2022, 54–58, DOI: 10.1109/CECCC56460.2022.10068903.
  13. Saeed M.M., Elnaim A.A., Babeker A., Barakat M., Hamdan M., Ali E.S., Mokhtar R.A., Enhancing energy efficiency in UAV cognitive radio networks: A machine learning-based optimization approach, 1st International Conference on Emerging Technologies for Dependable Internet of Things (ICETI), 2024, DOI: 10.1109/ICETI63946.2024.10777273.
  14. Hosen M.S., Peng Y., Dynamic channel allocation technique for cognitive radio based UAV networks, International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Analytics, 2021, 152–155, DOI: 10.1109/ICAIBDA53487.2021.9689719.
  15. Sboui L., Ghazzai H., Rezki Z., Alouini M.-S., Energy-efficient power allocation for UAV cognitive radio systems, IEEE 86th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall), 2017, DOI: 10.1109/VTCFall.2017.8287971.
  16. Laniewski D., Lanfer E., Beginn S., Dunker J., Dückers M., Aschenbruck N., Starlink on the Road: A First Look at Mobile Starlink Performance in Central Europe, 8th Network Traffic Measurement and Analysis Conference (TMA), 2024, DOI: 10.23919/TMA62044.2024.10559110.
  17. Mohan N., Ferguson A.E., Cech H., Bose R., Renatin P.R., Marina M.K., Ott J., A multifaceted look at starlink performance, Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference, WWW ’24, 2024, 2723–2734, DOI: 10.1145/3589334.3645328.
  18. Laniewski D., Lanfer E., Meijerink B., van Rijswijk-Deij R., Aschenbruck N., WetLinks: A Large-Scale Longitudinal Starlink Dataset with Contiguous Weather Data, 8th Network Traffic Measurement and Analysis Conference (TMA), 2024, DOI: 10.23919/TMA62044.2024.10558998.
  19. Ding J., Tang C., Zhang L., Yue Z., Liu Y., Dan Z., UAV Communication and Navigation Signals Jamming Methods, IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing, Communications and Computing (ICSPCC), 2024, DOI: 10.1109/ICSPCC62635.2024.10770465.
  20. Karaim M., Elghamrawy H., Tamazin M., Noureldin A., Investigation of the effects of white gaussian noise jamming on commercial GNSS receivers, 12th International Conference on Computer Engineering and Systems (ICCES), 2017, 468–472, DOI: 10.1109/ICCES.2017.8275353.
  21. Nazzal T., AlQassab B., Alblooshi M., Salman F., Almarzooqi H., Mukhtar H., Narrowband jamming mitigation in OFDM systems using time domain interleaving, IEEE 9th International Conference on Information, Communication and Networks (ICICN), 2021, 130–133, DOI: 10.1109/ICICN52636.2021.9673946.
  22. La Pan M.J., Lichtman M., Clancy T.C., McGwier R.W., Protecting physical layer synchronization: mitigating attacks against OFDM acquisition, 16th International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC), 2013.
  23. Perdue L., Klimasewski T., Testing GPS systems and devices with M-Code, IEEE AUTOTESTCON, 2016, DOI: 10.1109/AUTEST.2016.7589566.
  24. Ezuma M., Erden F., Anjinappa C., Ozdemir O., Guvenc I., Detection and Classification of UAVs Using RF Fingerprints in the Presence of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Interference, “IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society”, Vol. 1, 2019, 60–76, DOI: 10.1109/OJCOMS.2019.2955889.
  25. Fu Y., He Z., Radio Frequency Signal-Based Drone Classification with Frequency Domain Gramian Angular Field and Convolutional Neural Network, “Drones”, Vol. 8, No. 9, 2024, DOI: 10.3390/drones8090511.
  26. Zhang Y., Kishk M.A., Alouini M.-S., Deployment optimization of tethered drone-assisted integrated access and backhaul networks, “IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications”, Vol. 23, No. 4, 2024, 2668–2680, DOI: 10.1109/TWC.2023.3301880.
  27. Guo Y., Mei Q., Guo H., Chen Y., Li Y., Energy supply scheme for UAV relay base station based on power over fiber technology, 8th International Conference on Smart Grid and Smart Cities (ICSGSC), 2024, 189–193, DOI: 10.1109/ICSGSC62639.2024.10813961.
  28. Khallaf H.S., Knez M., Hranilovic S., Reliable satellite optical backhaul feeder links for remote areas via fiber tethered aerostats, IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), 2024, DOI: 10.1109/WCNC57260.2024.10571070.
  29. Song Q., Zeng Y., Xu J., Jin S., A survey of prototype and experiment for UAV communications, “Science China Information Sciences”, Vol. 64, 2021, 2668–2680, DOI: 10.1007/s11432-020-3030-2.
  30. Satrusalya S., Goswami L., Review on free space optical communication, “Materials Today: Proceedings”, International Virtual Conference on Sustainable Materials (IVCSM-2k20), Vol. 81, Part 2, 2023, 231–234, DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.03.157.
  31. Sun N., Wang Y., Wu Y., Liu J., High-precision tracking of free-space optical communication system on mobile platforms, “Photonics”, Vol. 11, No. 10, 2024, DOI: 10.3390/photonics11100900.
  32. Chang Y.-H., Tsai D.-C., Chow C.-W., Wang C.-C., Tsai S.-Y., Liu Y., Yeh C.-H., Lightweight Light-Diffusing Fiber Transmitter Equipped Unmanned-Aerial-Vehicle (UAV) for Large Field-of-View (FOV) Optical Wireless Communication, Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exhibition (OFC), 2023, DOI: 10.1364/OFC.2023.Th3H.6.
  33. Boyarov D.A., Grigoriev V.N., Kuzmin I.V., Petushkov S.V., Murashkin V.V., Polkunov S.V., Lozov R.K., Free-space laser communication terminals, International Conference Laser Optics (ICLO), 2024, 459–459, DOI: 10.1109/ICLO59702.2024.10624117.
  34. Knapek M., Al-Mudhafar A., Müncheberg S., Shortt K., Soutullo M., Development of a laser communication terminal for large LEO constellations, IEEE International Conference on Space Optical Systems and Applications (ICSOS), 2017, 53–58, DOI: 10.1109/ICSOS.2017.8357211.
  35. Basu S., Cossu G., Oliviero L., Ciaramella E., Design of High Speed FSO Feeder Links for HAPS based on COTS Components, IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Aero-Space, 2025, DOI: 10.1109/MetroAeroSpace64938.2025.11114580.
  36. Moision B., Erkmen B., Keyes E., Belt T., Bowen O., Brinkley D., Csonka P., Eglington M., Kazmierski A., Kim N.-h., Moody J., Tu T., Vermeer W., Demonstration of free-space optical communication for long-range data links between balloons on Project Loon, Proceedings SPIE, Vol. 10096, Free-Space Laser Communication and Atmospheric Propagation XXIX, 2017, DOI: 10.1117/12.2253099.
  37. Szajewski K., Szajewska A., Two-Way Free-Space Laser Communication Earth-UAV Without UAV Emission Revealing Its Presence, Communications in Computer and Information Science, Vol. 2299, 2025, 315–322, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-77493-5_28.
  38. Lin H.-Y., Cheng H.-C., Liu S.-C., Hsu C.-C., Chen S.-H., Wu M., Liang K.-C., Lai M.-F., Fang W., Wide angle and high frequency resonant piezoelectric MEMS mirror for laser beam scanning application, 22nd International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems (Transducers), 2023, 1480–1483.
  39. Janin P., Bauer R., Griffin P., Riis E., Uttamchandani D., A high-frequency tunable piezoelectric MEMS scanner for fast addressing applications, IEEE 34th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), 2021, 294–297, DOI: 10.1109/MEMS51782.2021.9375302.
  40. Baran U., Brown D., Holmstrom S., Balma D., Davis W., Muralt P., Urey H., Resonant PZT MEMS scanner for high-resolution displays, “Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems”, Vol. 21, No. 6, 2012, 1303–1310, DOI: 10.1109/JMEMS.2012.2209405.
  41. Guo X., Xia Y., Xia C., Kanno I., Wang Z., Design and manufacture of MEMS deformable mirror based on piezoelectric actuator with 61 electrodes, IEEE 19th International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems (NEMS), 2024, DOI: 10.1109/NEMS60219.2024.10639870.
  42. Bonora S., Poletto L., Push-pull membrane mirrors for adaptive optics, “Optics Express”, Vol. 14, No. 25, 2006, 11935–11944, DOI: 10.1364/OE.14.011935.
  43. Tokovinin A., Thomas S., Vdovin G., Using 50-mm electrostatic membrane deformable mirror in astronomical adaptive optics, Advancements in Adaptive Optics, Vol. 5490, 2004, 580–585, International Society for Optics and Photonics, SPIE, 2004, DOI: 10.1117/12.550044.
  44. Huang M., Wu Z., Min L., Wu J., Adaptive surface shape control for magnetic fluid deformable mirrors, International Conference on Control, Automation and Information Sciences (ICCAIS), 2015, 378–383, DOI: 10.1109/ICCAIS.2015.7338697.
  45. Banerjee K., Rajaeipour P., Ataman C., Zappe H., Piezoelectric PVDF actuated, lightweight deformable thin mirror for adaptive optics, International Conference on Optical MEMS and Nanophotonics (OMN), 2016, DOI: 10.1109/OMN.2016.7565915.